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A model-based approach to moral hazard in food chains - What contribution do principal-agent-models make to the understanding of food risks induced by opportunistic behaviour? AgEcon
Hirschauer, Norbert.
Food risks may be caused by moral hazard, i.e. by opportunistic behaviour of upstream sellers who exploit the fact that many food product qualities remain uncertain to downstream buyers in the course of conventional market transactions (credence qualities). Due to this lack of market transparency buyers run the risk to pay premium prices for inferior products (quality risks); furthermore, they run the risk to use or consume substances which are harmful (health risks). Therefore, they will want to design optimal contracts and controls preventing opportunistic behaviour. Usually, however, buyers cannot contract contingent on the actions of upstream sellers because they cannot observe them directly (information asymmetry). Motivated by the obviously...
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Food risk; Information asymmetry; Moral hazard; Opportunistic behaviour; Prevention; Principal-agent-model; Traceability; Agribusiness; Farm Management; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Risk and Uncertainty.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97448
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Congenital toxoplasmosis transmitted by human immunodeficiency-virus infected women BJID
Azevedo,Kátia Martins Lopes de; Setúbal,Sérgio; Lopes,Vania Gloria Silami; Camacho,Luiz Antônio Bastos; Oliveira,Solange Artimos de.
We report the occurrence of congenital toxoplasmosis in three infants born to HIV infected women who had high anti-toxoplasma IgG and negative IgM during pregnancy. We briefly reviewed available literature and discussed the possible transmission mechanisms of congenital toxoplasmosis among HIV infected pregnant women. Serum samples were tested for Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibodies using commercial enzyme immunoassay and IgG-avidity tests. In the first case, fetal death occurred at 28th week of gestation. In the second case, congenital toxoplasmosis was diagnosis at 6th month of life; and in the third case, an HIV-infected newborn, congenital toxoplasmosis was asymptomatic. These cases point out to the possibility of enhanced maternal-fetal...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/report Palavras-chave: Congenital toxoplasmosis; Human immunodeficiency-virus; Prevention; AIDS.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702010000200014
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Distributional effects of flood risk management—a cross-country comparison of preflood compensation Ecology and Society
van Doorn-Hoekveld, Willemijn J.; Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law, Utrecht University School of Law, The Netherlands; w.j.hoekveld@uu.nl; Suykens, Cathy; KU Leuven, Belgium; cathy.suykens@kuleuven.be; Homewood, Stephen; Flood Hazard Research Centre, Middlesex University London, England; stephenhomewood@yahoo.co.uk; Chmielewski, Piotr J.; Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland; piotr.chmielewski1990@gmail.com; Matczak, Piotr; Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland; Institute of Sociology, Adam Mickiewicz University; matczak@amu.edu.pl; van Rijswick, Helena F.M.W; Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law, Utrecht University School of Law, The Netherlands; H.vanRijswick@uu.nl.
We seek to examine the manner in which either the EU member states of France, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden or parts of them, such as the country of England in the UK or the Flemish Region in Belgium, deal with the distributional effects of the flood risk management strategies prevention, defense, and mitigation. Measures carried out in each of these strategies can cause preflood harm, as in the devaluation of property or loss of income. However, different member states and authorities address this harm in different ways. A descriptive overview of the different compensation regimes in the field of flood risk management is followed by an analysis of these differences and an explanation of what may cause them, such as the geographical differences that...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports Palavras-chave: Defense; é Galité Devant les charges publiques; Equity; Flood risk management; Legitimacy; Loss; No-fault liability; Preflood compensation; Prevention; Protection of property rights; Solidarity; Spatial planning.
Ano: 2016
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Drugs and lifestyle for the treatment and prevention of coronary artery disease: comparative analysis of the scientific basis BJMBR
da Luz,P.L.; Nishiyama,M.; Chagas,A.C.P..
In this article, we compare two strategies for atherosclerosis treatment: drugs and healthy lifestyle. Statins are the principal drugs used for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Several secondary prevention studies have demonstrated that statins can significantly reduce cardiovascular events including coronary death, the need for surgical revascularization, stroke, total mortality, as well as fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction. These results were observed in both men and women, the elderly, smokers and non-smokers, diabetics and hypertensives. Primary prevention studies yielded similar results, although total mortality was not affected. Statins also induce atheroma regression and do not cause cancer. However, many unresolved issues remain, such as...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Atherosclerosis; Statins; Lifestyle; Coronary disease; Prevention.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2011001000002
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Epidemiological survey of scorpion envenomation in southwestern Morocco J. Venom. Anim. Toxins
TOULOUN,O.; SLIMANI,T.; BOUMEZZOUGH,A..
The high frequency and severity of scorpion envenomation in Morocco is a serious public health problem, especially in semi arid and arid areas with a large rural population. In view of this alarming situation, we have conducted this investigation on scorpion envenomation in the Haouz and Souss plains between 1994 and 1998. Preliminary results have shown a high rate of scorpion envenomation with several deaths. With the exception of Scorpio maurus, the suspected species are generally anthropophilous, which belong to the Androctonus genera of the Buthidae family. The Buthidae family is responsible for 96.93% of the envenomings. In the southwestern Morocco, the death rate is of about 3.84%. The Androctonus mauretanicus is responsible for 60% of deaths. We...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Scorpions; Scorpion envenomation; Epidemiology; Prevention; Southwestern Morocco; Haouz; Souss.
Ano: 2001 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-79302001000200006
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Glyphosate Applied at the Early Reproductive Stage Impairs Seed Production of Glyphosate-Resistant Hairy Fleabane Planta Daninha
PIASECKI,C.; MAZON,A.S.; MONGE,A.; CAVALCANTE,J.A.; AGOSTINETTO,D.; VARGAS,L..
ABSTRACT: Glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane [Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.] is one of the most important weeds in the world. Among the factors that make this weed species widely distributed in the most diverse environments is the high seed production capacity and dispersal. Hairy fleabane plants not controlled by herbicide application regrowth and overcome crop canopy, use environmental resources, interfere with crops, and complete their life cycle by producing thousands of seeds and replenishing the seed bank. Management strategies that reduce production and viability of hairy fleabane seeds can be adopted within the integrated management to reduce the seed bank and prevent further infestations. In this way, experiments were carried out in a greenhouse...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Conyza bonariensis; Resistance; Integrated weed management; Prevention; Soil seed bank.
Ano: 2019 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-83582019000100198
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InBUy database of Invasive and Alien Species (IAS) in Uruguay: a useful tool to confront this threat to biodiversity Biota Neotropica
Masciadri,Silvana; Brugnoli,Ernesto; Muniz,Pablo.
In Uruguay, as well as in other regions of the world, IAS cause negative impacts on natural and managed ecosystems. The use of databases is a helpful tool to elaborate different strategies for prevention and control, and to develop policies and scientific analyses related to IAS. The database of IAS in Uruguay (InBUy) was developed during two time periods (2006-2007 and 2009-2010). It currently contains information on 33 specialists of different taxonomic groups, 14 research projects, 185 references, 351 species and 4,715 records, with vascular plants having both the highest number of species and records. Among vascular plants, herbaceous life forms are the most strongly represented, followed by trees and shrubs. Within animals, the fishes and mollusks are...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Alien species; Biological invasions; Area of origin; Cause of introduction; Prevention.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1676-06032010000400026
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Is prevention better than cure? An empirical investigation for the case of Avian Influenza AgEcon
Longworth, Natasha; Jongeneel, Roelof A.; Saatkamp, H.W.; Huirne, Ruud B.M..
The new EU Animal Health Strategy suggests a shift in emphasis away from control towards prevention and surveillance activities for the management of threats to animal health. The optimal combination of these actions will differ among diseases and depend on largely unknown and uncertain costs and benefits. This paper reports an empirical investigation of this issue for the case of Avian Influenza. The results suggest that the optimal combination of actions will be dependent on the objective of the decision maker and that conflict exists between an optimal strategy which minimises costs to the government and one which maximises producer profits or minimises negative effects on human health. From the perspective of minimising the effects on human health,...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Avian influenza; Prevention; Control; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44200
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Kidney health for everyone everywhere – from prevention to detection and equitable access to care BJMBR
Li,P. Kam-Tao; Garcia-Garcia,G.; Lui,Siu-Fai; Andreoli,S.; Fung,W. Wing-Shing; Hradsky,A.; Kumaraswami,L.; Liakopoulos,V.; Rakhimova,Z.; Saadi,G.; Strani,L.; Ulasi,I.; Kalantar-Zadeh,K..
The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing with a projection of becoming the 5th most common cause of years of life lost globally by 2040. CKD is a major cause of catastrophic health expenditure. The costs of dialysis and transplantation consume up to 3% of the annual healthcare budget in high-income countries. However, the onset and progression of CKD is often preventable. In 2020, the World Kidney Day campaign highlights the importance of preventive interventions – be it primary, secondary, or tertiary. This article focuses on outlining and analyzing measures that can be implemented in every country to promote and advance CKD prevention. Primary prevention of kidney disease should focus on the modification of risk factors and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: Kidney diseases; Prevention; Detection; Awareness.
Ano: 2020 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2020000300101
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Mastite caprina: algumas medidas de prevenção. Infoteca-e
SILVA, E. R. da; ALVES, F. S. F.; PINHEIRO, R. R..
bitstream/item/26694/1/COT-31.pdf
Tipo: Comunicado Técnico (INFOTECA-E) Palavras-chave: Prevention; Caprino; Mamite; Doença animal; Profilaxia; Goats; Mastitis; Animal diseases.
Ano: 1996 URL: http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/handle/doc/515153
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MORBIDITY/MORTALITY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF SWINE IN THE UNITED STATES AgEcon
Bush, Eric J..
A national survey on swine health was conducted by the National Animal Health Monitoring System ( NAHMS ) from December 1989 through January 1991. The survey sample was designed in collaboration with the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS ) in order to provide inferences about the nation's hog population, 95 percent of which was represented. The program consisted of two parts: the first was a general farm management and policy questionnaire that was completed by 1,661 producers. The second part of the program was a monitoring phase that took place over a three-month period for each of 712 participating producers. Per litter estimates for the national population showed an average of 9.9 piglets born alive and 8.4 weaned. Estimates attributed 57...
Tipo: Report Palavras-chave: NAHMS; Swine; Monitoring; Epidemiology; Production; Morbidity; Mortality; Births; Litter size; Prevention; Disease; Docking; Teeth clipping; Vaccination; Injection; Antibiotics; Water quality; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/32761
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Obesity and kidney disease: hidden consequences of the epidemic BJMBR
Kovesdy,C.P.; Furth,S.L.; Zoccali,C..
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic and its prevalence has been projected to grow by 40% in the next decade. This increasing prevalence has implications for the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and also for chronic kidney disease (CKD). A high body mass index is one of the strongest risk factors for new-onset CKD. In individuals affected by obesity, a compensatory hyperfiltration occurs to meet the heightened metabolic demands of the increased body weight. The increase in intraglomerular pressure can damage the kidneys and raise the risk of developing CKD in the long-term. The incidence of obesity-related glomerulopathy has increased ten-fold in recent years. Obesity has also been shown to be a risk factor for nephrolithiasis, and for a number...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: Obesity; Chronic kidney disease; Nephrolithiasis; Kidney cancer; Prevention.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2017000500101
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Prevenção e controle da tiririca em áreas cultivadas com hortaliças. Infoteca-e
PEREIRA, W..
bitstream/item/107342/1/CNPH-DOCUMENTOS-15-PREVENCAO-E-CONTROLE-DA-TIRIRICA-EM-AREAS-CULTIVADAS-COM-HORTALICAS-FL-07825.pdf
Tipo: Circular Técnica (INFOTECA-E) Palavras-chave: Prevencao; Manejo integrado; Disseminacao; 2; 4 D; EPTC; Imazetapyr; MSMA; Naproparmide; Sulfosate; Brasilia; Distrito Federal; Brasil; Prevention; Nutsedge.; Cerrado; Controle Químico; Cyperus Rotundus; Cyperus Esculentus; Erradicação; Herbicida; Hortaliça; Paraquat; Propanil; Tiririca.; Alachlor; Brazil; Atrazine; Diquat; Dicamba; Chemical control; Bentazon; Butylate; Herbicides; Glyphosate; Diuron; Integrated weed management; Imazapyr; Molinate; Metolachlor; Simazine; Vegetables..
Ano: 1998 URL: http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/handle/doc/765603
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Prevenção e tratamento das doenças dos caprinos. Infoteca-e
PADILHA, T. N..
Trata sobre algumas orientações das doenças dos caprinos: como prevenir e tratar as doenças dos caprinos; outros cuidados para evitar doenças nas criações.
Tipo: Documentos (INFOTECA-E) Palavras-chave: Prevenção; Pathology; Prevention; Treatment; Goat.; Caprino; Doença; Tratamento..
Ano: 1986 URL: http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/handle/doc/132771
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Prevention aspects for avoiding rollover incidents together for tractors, self-propelled harvesting and material handling machinery CIGR Journal
Mayrhofer, Hannes; Quendler, Elisabeth; Boxberger, Josef.
Abstract: Tractors, self-propelled harvesting and material handling machines are the most commonly used self-propelled machineries in Austrian agriculture that have similarities in main rollover incident causes.  The aim of this study was to present sustainable prevention measures against rollovers together for tractors, self-propelled harvesting and material handling machinery based on a new machine evaluation, manufacturer surveys and a literature research.  New machines were investigated concerning their compliance with legal regulations and concerning their current rollover prevention equipment.  By interviewing manufacturers of tractors, self-propelled harvesting machinery and material handling machinery, the challenges with implementing safety...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Agricultural Engineering; Accident Prevention Agricultural machinery; Surveys; Machine evaluation; Incident; Injuries; Prevention.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/2820
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Prevention aspects for avoiding run-over incidents with self-propelled agricultural machinery CIGR Journal
Mayrhofer, Hannes; Quendler, Elisabeth; Boxberger, Josef.
Run-overs are one of the most common incident scenarios with tractors, self-propelled harvesting and load transportation machines in Austrian agriculture.  The aim of the study was to describe sustainable prevention measures against these kinds of incidents.  For this purpose, the compliance with safety standards and directives in new machinery was investigated, currently available prevention equipment was identified and manufacturers were asked about the difficulties in the implementation of prevention measures against run-overs in new vehicles.  In addition, a literature and internet research was done.  The evaluation of new machines showed that self-propelled harvesting machines and tractors tended to be more frequently equipped with relevant safety...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Agricultural Engineering; Accident Prevention agricultural machinery; Run-over; Incident; Prevention.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/2853
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Prevention strategies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Latin America BJID
Alvarez,Carlos; Labarca,Jaime; Salles,Mauro.
After the first reports of the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the 1970s, numerous measures intended to prevent its transmission were initiated in hospitals. However, in most cases, large-scale measures failed to be implemented and the transmission of MRSA has since led to a global pandemic. Presently, doubts still remain about the best approach to prevent and control MRSA and more often than not, control measures are not implemented. Therefore, we review here the current situation in Latin America with respect to existing policies for control of MRSA, and evaluate the evidence for control measures in hospitals and the community. We look at the risk factors for infection and transmission of MRSA between hospital patients...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: MRSA; Prevention; Infection control; Latin America.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702010000800006
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Programa de prevenção e controle da anemia infecciosa eqüina no Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense. Infoteca-e
SILVA, R. A. M. S.; BARROS, A. T. M.; COSTA NETO, A. A.; LOPES, N.; CORTADA, V. M. C.; MATSUURA, T. M. de S. M.; FELDENS, O.; MORI, A. E.; MADUREIRA, J.; SANTOS, S. A. A. de P.; BANDINI, O..
A Anemia Infecciosa Eqüina (AIE), conhecida mundialmente como febre-do-pântano, é causada por um retrovírus pertencente à subfamília dos lentivírus, que infecta membros da família Equidae. Os estudos iniciais dessa doença foram realizados na França, no século XIX, e, atualmente, apresenta distribuição mundial. A AIE é uma infecção persistente, resultando em episódios periódicos de febre, anemia, hemorragias, redução no número de glóbulos brancos e plaquetas com supressão transitória da resposta imunológica. Sinais clínicos como perda de peso, depressão , desorientação, andar em círculos e febre tem sido observados. Muitos animais não apresentam qualquer sinal clínico (portadores assintomáticos) associado à AIE. O aproveitamento de potros negativos,...
Tipo: Documentos (INFOTECA-E) Palavras-chave: Anemia infecciosa eqüina; Prevenção; Controle; Programa; Anemia infectious eqüine; Prevention; Control; Program.; População.; Pantanal; Population..
Ano: 2004 URL: http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/handle/doc/812061
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Raising awareness of chronic kidney disease in a Brazilian urban population BJMBR
Mazza Nascimento,M.; Riella,M.C..
The incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease have been increasing in recent years in developing countries. The aim of this study was to report the results of a general chronic kidney disease awareness program applied to an urban population in a large Brazilian city. From January 2002 to January 2005 a total of 8883 individuals in the city of Curitiba (PR, Brazil) were screened for hypertension, body mass index, hematuria, and proteinuria. A family history and previous medical diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) were also recorded. Of the 8883 individuals assessed, 56% were women, subject median age was 47 years (range: 17-93 years) and more than 90% were Caucasian. Thirty percent had signs of hematuria, 6% had proteinuria, and 3%...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Hematuria; Proteinuria; Prevention; Chronic kidney disease; Screening.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2009000800010
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Recomendações para prevenção e controle de bicheiras em bezerros no Pantanal. Infoteca-e
BARROS, A. T. M. de; VAZQUEZ, S. A. de S..
Com quase 50 milhões de cabeças, os estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso possuem os maiores rebanhos bovinos do país. Embora a maior parte destes animais esteja distribuída no planalto, cerca de 3,5milhões de cabeças são mantidas na planície pantaneira. A bovinocultura tradicional no Pantanal se caracteriza por uma pecuária de corte extensiva, calcada em pastagens nativas e com ênfase na fase de cria e, secundariamente, de recria. Este artigo apresenta uma breve revisão sobre o problema das bicheiras (miíases) e recomendações técnicas enfocando a prevenção e tratamento de miíases umbilicais em bezerros recém-nascidos.
Tipo: Comunicado Técnico (INFOTECA-E) Palavras-chave: Prevenção; Prevention; Cow; Disease.; Bezerro; Bicheira; Doença; Miiase; Tratamento..
Ano: 2004 URL: http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/handle/doc/811097
Registros recuperados: 27
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